Themes

Sri Akal Takht Sahib

The Panth's seat of authority: its edicts, its Jathedars, and the fights over who controls it.

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1. Jun 15-24, 1606Guru Hargobind Sahib founds Sri Akal Takht Sahib and takes up miri and piriWeeks after Guru Arjan's Shaheedi, eleven-year-old Guru Hargobind raises the Akal Takht opposite Harmandir Sahib and wears two swords for miri (temporal) and piri (spiritual) authority.
2. Mar 29, 1748The Sarbat Khalsa organises the Dal Khalsa and the mislsOn Baisakhi 1748 the Sarbat Khalsa at Amritsar merges 65 roving Sikh bands into the Dal Khalsa, grouped in eleven misls, with Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in command.
3. 1891Khalsa Vidyarthi SabhaEarly Sikh student society; the first such clubs date to 1888
4. 1920-1925Akali movement for gurdwara reformFrom 1920 to 1925 Sikhs took their historic gurdwaras back from hereditary priests and government control through mass morchas, ending in the Sikh Gurdwaras Act 1925 and the SGPC.
5. Nov 1921-Jan 1922Keys Morcha (Morcha Chabian) over the Golden Temple keysIn November 1921 the government seized the keys of the Golden Temple treasury. Mass arrests followed, and on 19 January 1922 the keys were handed to Baba Kharak Singh at Sri Akal Takht Sahib.
6. Jul 7, 1925Sikh Gurdwaras ActThe Sikh Gurdwaras Act, passed on 7 July 1925 and in force from 1 November 1925, listed 241 historic gurdwaras in Schedule I for a Central Board, later the SGPC.
7. Aug 15, 1961Master Tara Singh's fastEnded after 48 days, persuaded by mediators and the offer of a commission
8. Aug 1965Fateh Singh announces fast with self-immolation threatMaximum escalation of Punjabi Suba demand
9. Dec 27, 1966Sant Fateh Singh ends second fastEnded on assurances; Chandigarh still withheld
10. 1973Tohra elected SGPC PresidentFirst of about 27 terms as SGPC President; the last ended with his death in office in 2004
11. Jul 9, 1975Akali Save Democracy MorchaAbout 40,000 court arrest by January 1977
12. Dec 15, 1983Bhindranwale moves to Akal TakhtProgressive militarization
13. May 30-Jun 3, 1984Pre-assault final positioningCurfew Jun 1; Punjab sealed, press barred Jun 3
14. Jun 1-10, 1984Operation Blue StarAkal Takht left in ruins; Bhindranwale and Shahbeg Singh killed
15. Jan 26, 1986Sarbat Khalsa at Sri Akal Takht SahibPanthic Committee constituted; SGPC declared dissolved
16. Apr 13, 1986Vaisakhi Sarbat KhalsaSangat endorses the call for Khalistan
17. Apr 29, 1986Declaration of Khalistan, Sri Akal Takht SahibProclaimed by the Panthic Committee
18. Jan 6, 1989Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh hangedExecution at Tihar
19. Feb 1993Rataul Operation: Manochahal killedBTFK dismantled
20. Jul 2004Akal Takht edict against the RSS and Rashtriya Sikh SangatIn July 2004 the Akal Takht told Sikhs to keep away from the RSS and its Sikh wing, the Rashtriya Sikh Sangat. The Akal Takht reaffirmed the edict in 2017.
21. 2007Dera Sacha Sauda imitation controversyAkal Takht acts against Ram Rahim; the Dera backs Congress that year
22. 2007, 2012Second and third Badal governmentsPeak institutional capture of SGPC
23. Nov 1, 2013Sikhs file 1984 genocide petition at the UN in GenevaOn 1 Nov 2013 Sikh groups filed a petition of about one million signatures at the UN in Geneva, asking for an investigation of the November 1984 killings and recognition as genocide.
24. Sep 24, 2015Akal Takht pardons Gurmeet Ram RahimHighest Sikh authority seen operated by a party
25. Oct 14, 2015Behbal Kalan police firing: 2 shaheedState fires on peaceful Sikh protest
26. Nov 2015Sedition FIR names 20 organisers; SGPC voids resolutionsStatute defeats assembly
27. Nov 10, 2015Sarbat Khalsa at ChabbaOver a lakh by same-day count; 13 resolutions; bound nobody
28. 2021 onwardChristian conversion among Dalits in Punjab's border villagesReports from 2021 show Mazhabi Sikh and Valmiki families turning to churches in Punjab's border belt, and the SGPC and Akal Takht answering with a campaign. The numbers are disputed.
29. Aug 30 and Dec 2, 2024Akal Takht declares Sukhbir Badal tankhaiya, then pronounces his tankhahInstitution judges its former operator
30. Aug-Sep 2025Punjab's worst floods since 1988Record August rain and heavy dam releases flooded the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi plains in August and September 2025, submerging nearly 1,900 villages and reaching Kartarpur Sahib across the border.
31. Apr 13-19, 2026Punjab passes a stricter sacrilege law, the Jaagat Jot Satkar Amendment ActThe Vidhan Sabha unanimously raised penalties for sacrilege of Sri Guru Granth Sahib to 20 years, or life for conspiracy. The Akal Takht objected that Sikh bodies were not consulted.
32. Apr 29, 2026Fortieth anniversary of the Khalistan Declaration marked at Sri Akal Takht SahibFive Sikh sovereignty organisations march to the Golden Temple, offer ardas at the Takht and release a policy document on the 40th anniversary of the 1986 Declaration.
33. Apr 18-May 20, 2026Panthic Ekta alliance of Waris Punjab De and SAD (Punar Surjit) breaks apartAn alliance formed on 18 April 2026 to unite Panthic parties outside Sukhbir Badal's SAD unravels within weeks, and its convener Manpreet Ayali quits and joins Amritpal Singh's party.
34. Jun 15, 2026Akal Takht declares CM Mann Guru Dokhi and anti-Khalsa PanthOn 15 June 2026 the five Singh Sahiban declared Punjab CM Bhagwant Mann Guru Dokhi and Khalsa Panth Virodhi over a video and the sacrilege law; Mann denies the video is his.
35. Jun 24-30, 2026Maharashtra clears repeal of the 1956 Hazur Sahib Act, then puts it on holdThe Maharashtra cabinet approves replacing the law that governs Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded; the Takht issues a gurmata against it and the state shelves the draft after a week.
36. Jun 29, 2026Akal Takht summons every Sikh MLAFirst time all appeared together; one-month deadline on the sacrilege law
37. Jul 22, 2026Rajoana writes to the Akal Takht to summon the BJP's Sikh leaders over his mercy petitionBhai Balwant Singh Rajoana asked the acting Jathedar to summon the BJP's Sikh leaders over a mercy petition pending about 15 years, or else have the SGPC withdraw it.
38. Oct 13, 2026Anti-drug activist Parvinder Singh Jhota killed in MansaJathedar declares him shaheed on Oct 16
39. Feb 2027 (expected)Punjab Vidhan Sabha election 2027The election for all 117 seats, expected in February 2027, is the first statewide test of the AAP government, with the opposition and the Panthic vote split.

Also in this theme

• Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)The party founded in 2012 that has governed Punjab since 2022. It pressed for a 1984 inquiry from Delhi, and as Punjab's government it is now in open conflict with the Akal Takht.
• AAdvocate Ishar SinghAdvocate of the Telangana High Court; headed the 2020 inquiry into the missing saroops of Sri Guru Granth Sahib
• Akali Baba Hanuman SinghSeventh Jathedar of the Budha Dal and leader of the Akal Takht (1823 to about 1846)
• Akali Phoola SinghCustodian (jathedar) of Sri Akal Takht Sahib; leader of the Akali Nihangs and commander of the Akali troops under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• AmritsarThe Sikh holy city, founded by Guru Ram Das in 1577. Home of Sri Harmandir Sahib, Sri Akal Takht Sahib and the SGPC; scene of Jallianwala Bagh (1919) and Operation Blue Star (1984).
• Are Sikhs a separate religion? 'Hum Hindu Nahin' and the argument sinceThe RSS and some laws place Sikhs in a wider Hindu fold; Kahn Singh Nabha answered 'Ham Hindu Nahin' in 1898. What the statutes, one Supreme Court sentence and the Akal Takht say.
• BBaba Gurbachan Singh ManochahalKharku commander; head of the Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan; Jathedar of Akal Takht named by the Panthic Committee
• BBaba Harnam Singh KhalsaHead of the Damdami Taksal (Mehta Chowk)
• BBaba Joginder SinghFather of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale; leader of the United Akali Dal
• BBaba Wasakha SinghGhadar Party leader; builder of the Stockton gurdwara; Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib (1934)
• BBarjinder Singh HamdardHead of the Ajit group of newspapers, Jalandhar; former Rajya Sabha member
• BBhagwant MannChief Minister of Punjab since 16 March 2022; leader of the Aam Aadmi Party in Punjab
• DBhai Dhian Singh MandActing Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib named by the 2015 Sarbat Khalsa; Akali Dal (Amritsar) leader; former MP
• DBhai Dilawar Singh BabbarBabbar Khalsa member; the human bomb in the killing of Chief Minister Beant Singh, 31 August 1995
• GBhai Gajinder SinghCo-founder of Dal Khalsa; leader of the September 1981 hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight to Lahore
• Bhai GurdasScribe of the first Adi Granth under Guru Arjan Dev Ji; poet of the Vaaran and Kabit Savaiye; helper of the Gurus
• Bhai Gurdas HallA hall near the Golden Temple in Amritsar used for Panthic gatherings, among them Dal Khalsa's seminar of 29 April 2025 and an Akal Takht meeting of scholars on 3 May 2026.
• GBhai Gurdev Singh KaunkeActing Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib (1986 to 1992); died in police custody
• JBhai Jagtar Singh HawaraConvict in the 1995 Beant Singh assassination case; named officiating Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib by the 2015 Sarbat Khalsa; Bandi Singh
• PBhai Paramjit Singh MandWorking president (acting president) of Dal Khalsa
• WBhai Wassan Singh ZaffarwalMember of the Panthic Committee (1986); head of a Khalistan Commando Force faction
• Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan (BTFK)Kharku jathebandi headed by Baba Gurbachan Singh Manochahal, strongest around Tarn Taran. It split in 1990 and lost its head when Manochahal was killed in February 1993.
• BBibi Jagir KaurFormer SGPC president; senior Akali leader; leader of the 2024 and 2025 rebel Akali factions
• BBibi Satwant KaurMember of the Akal Takht-appointed Akali Dal committee (2024 to 2025); head of the rebel faction's Panthic council
• Dal KhalsaThe Amritsar-based Sikh organisation founded in 1978 that demands an independent Khalistan by political means. It is not the 18th-century Dal Khalsa army, whose name it took.
• Damdami TaksalThe Sikh school of Gurbani recitation and meaning at Mehta Chowk, led from 1977 to 1984 by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Its origin is told two ways: the Taksal's account and the Encyclopaedia's.
• Dera Sacha SaudaSirsa-based sect with a large Dalit following. Its chief's 2007 imitation row, the 2015 pardon and its reversal, and his convictions and paroles shape recent Panthic politics.
• Did agents of the Indian state kill Hardeep Singh Nijjar?Canada alleged a link to Indian agents in 2023, India denies it, and a July 2026 US indictment names gangsters. No court has decided. The record in order, and the Panthic answer.
• Does Article 25 of the Indian Constitution treat Sikhs as Hindus?Explanation II counts Sikhs as Hindus for one sub-clause only, yet Sikh bodies see absorption. The text, the Hindu Marriage Act, a 2002 Commission's advice to delete it, and the Panthic answer.
• GGiani Gurbachan SinghFormer Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib (2008 to 2018)
• GGiani Harpreet SinghPresident of the Shiromani Akali Dal (Punar Surjit); former acting Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib and former Jathedar of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib
• Giani Kuldeep Singh GargajActing Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib and Jathedar of Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib (from March 2025)
• GGiani Raghbir SinghJathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib (2023 to 2025); former Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib
• GGiani Zail SinghPresident of India 1982 to 1987; Chief Minister of Punjab 1972 to 1977; Union Home Minister 1980 to 1982
• Government of PunjabThe state government of Punjab: elected chief ministers since 1947, long spells of President's Rule from 1983 to 1992, and an AAP government under Bhagwant Mann since 2022.
• Gurdwara Ramsar SahibShrine on the Ramsar tank in Amritsar where Guru Arjan prepared the Adi Granth in 1604; its SGPC publication department is the centre of the 328 missing saroops case.
• GGurmeet Ram Rahim SinghHead of Dera Sacha Sauda (since 1990); serving 20 years for rape (2017)
• GGurpartap Singh WadalaFormer Akali MLA (Nakodar); convener of the SAD Sudhar Lehar (2024); member of the Akal Takht's seven-member Akali Dal committee
• Guru Hargobind Sahib JiSixth Sikh Guru (1606 to 1644); raised the Akal Takht
• HHarjinder Singh DhamiPresident of the SGPC (since November 2021); advocate
• HHarmeet Singh KalkaPresident of the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (elected January 2022, re-elected June 2025)
• Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (HSGMC)The body set up under Haryana's 2014 gurdwara Act to run the state's gurdwaras, which had been under the SGPC; the Supreme Court upheld the Act on 20 September 2022.
• Indian National Congress (Congress Party)India's oldest national party, founded in 1885. It ruled at the Centre in 1984. Sikh groups hold it responsible for the November killings; the party says its top leadership was not involved.
• IIndira GandhiPrime Minister of India (1966 to 1977, 1980 to 1984)
• IIqbal Singh JhundanAkali politician; former MLA; member of the Akal Takht committee on the Akali Dal
• Is the 'Khalistani' label used to silence Sikh political speech in the diaspora?Delhi says the word names a real security threat. Canada's inquiry says India treats lawful advocacy and violence alike. The 2017 and 2019 episodes, India's own court, and the Panthic answer.
• Is the Khalistan Referendum a legitimate exercise?Non-binding by its own terms; only the organisers’ turnout counts; none held in India by 2023. Delhi calls it farcical; host states allow it but do not recognise it; Sikh bodies differ on method.
• JJasbir Singh RodeFormer Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib (1988); nephew of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
• JJathedar Gurcharan Singh TohraPresident of the SGPC (1973 to 1999 in stretches, and 2003 to 2004); Akali leader; Member of Parliament
• JJathedar Santa Singh UmaidpuriAkali leader; member of the Akal Takht's seven-member committee on the Akali Dal (2024); senior vice-president of Akali Dal (Punar Surjit)
• KK.S. SudarshanFifth Sarsanghchalak (head) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 2000 to 2009
• Khalsa Vidyarthi Sabha (Sikh Students Club)A club of young Sikh men formed at Amritsar in 1891 on Dr Sundar Singh Sodhbans's initiative; in 1893 Bhai Multana Singh Ardasia refused to lead its ardas at Sri Akal Takht Sahib.
• Kultar Singh SandhwanSpeaker of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha; Aam Aadmi Party MLA from Kotkapura
• Manpreet Singh IyaliMLA for Dakha (Ludhiana); Akali politician, now in Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
• NNarain Singh ChauraPro-Khalistan activist linked by police to the Akal Federation; accused in the December 2024 Harmandir Sahib firing case
• Panthic CommitteeFive-member body named by the Sarbat Khalsa of 26 January 1986 to lead the Panth. It issued the Declaration of Khalistan on 29 April 1986; later rival committees used the same name.
• PParamjit Singh TandaGeneral secretary of Dal Khalsa; former president of Sikh Youth of Punjab
• PParkash Singh BadalFive-time Chief Minister of Punjab; patriarch of the Shiromani Akali Dal
• PParminder Singh DhindsaAkali leader; former Punjab finance minister; senior leader of the SAD Sudhar Lehar
• PProfessor Kirpal Singh BadungarFormer president of the SGPC (2001 to 2003 and 2016 to 2017); Akali Dal leader
• Rashtriya Sikh SangatThe RSS’s Sikh wing, formed in 1985 or 1986. Sri Akal Takht Sahib named it anti-Panth in 2004 and told Sikhs again in 2017 to follow that edict.
• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)Hindu nationalist volunteer body founded in Nagpur in 1925. In 2004 the Akal Takht told Sikhs to keep away from its activities, and it repeated the call in 2017.
• SAD Sudhar LeharRebel Akali leaders' 2024 reform movement against Sukhbir Badal. Dissolved on 9 December 2024 after the Akal Takht's edict; a rival Akali faction led by Giani Harpreet Singh followed in August 2025.
• SGPC Dharam Parchar CommitteeThe SGPC's body for religious preaching, which runs the Shaheed Sikh Missionary College and village Gurmat camps. The 2025-26 SGPC budget set aside Rs 110 crore for it.
• FSant Fateh SinghAkali leader and holy man; leader of the Punjabi Suba movement; head of the Akali Dal that controlled the SGPC from 1962
• HSant Harchand Singh LongowalPresident of the Shiromani Akali Dal (1980 to 1985)
• JSant Jarnail Singh BhindranwaleHead of the Damdami Taksal; Dharam Yudh Morcha leader; killed in Operation Blue Star
• Sant Nirankaris (Sant Nirankari Mission)A Delhi-based movement with a living Satguru, begun in the 1920s or 1930s as an offshoot of the Nirankaris; its 1978 Amritsar convention led to a clash that killed Sikhs.
• Sarbat KhalsaThe assembly of the whole Khalsa Panth, meeting before the Guru Granth Sahib at the Akal Takht. Its gurmatas bound every Sikh. Revived in 1986 and 2015, its authority is still contested.
• Sardar Arur SinghSarbarah (manager) of Sri Harmandir Sahib and Sri Akal Takht Sahib under British appointment
• Shiromani Akali DalThe Sikh political party founded on 14 December 1920 as the Akali movement's task force. It led the morchas and the Punjabi Suba campaign and is now split into rival factions.
• Shiromani Akali Dal (Punar Surjit)The Akali breakaway led by former Akal Takht jathedar Giani Harpreet Singh. Formed in 2025 after the Akal Takht's directions to the Badal-led Akali Dal, it is now looking for allies before 2027.
• Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC)The elected body that runs the historic gurdwaras of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh, born of the Akali reform movement of 1920 and governed by the Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925.
• Sidhu Moose WalaPunjabi singer; Congress candidate in the 2022 Punjab election
• Sikh Sadbhawna DalA Panthic reform group led by Bhai Baldev Singh Wadala. Its sit-in on Heritage Street, Amritsar, over the 328 missing saroops began in November 2020; an FIR followed in December 2025.
• SSirdar Kapur SinghScholar, former ICS officer, Member of Parliament and of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha; author of Parasaraprasna and Sachi Sakhi
• Sri Akal Takht SahibThe senior seat of Sikh religious authority, raised opposite the Harmandir in Amritsar by Guru Hargobind in 1606. Its hukamnamas bind the Panth, and who holds its jathedar's office is hotly contested.
• Sri Harmandir SahibThe central shrine of the Sikh Panth, raised by Guru Arjan Dev in the Amrit Sarovar at Amritsar. Attacked and rebuilt many times, most recently in June 1984. Managed by the SGPC.
• SSukhbir Singh BadalPresident of the Shiromani Akali Dal; former Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab
• SSurjit Singh RakhraFormer Punjab minister; two-time Akali MLA from Samana
• Takht Sri Hazur SahibOne of the five takhts, at Nanded in Maharashtra, where Guru Gobind Singh passed the Guruship to the Guru Granth Sahib and died in 1708; its 1956 Act is again the subject of a dispute with the state.
• Takht Sri Keshgarh SahibOne of the five Takhts, on the hillock of Kesgarh fort at Anandpur Sahib, where Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa on 30 March 1699; run by the SGPC since 1923.
• Takht Sri Patna SahibTakht Sri Harimandar Sahib in Patna, Bihar, built on the house where Guru Gobind Singh was born on 22 December 1666; one of two Takhts outside Punjab.
• The Nanakshahi calendar: why did the SGPC drop it?Pal Singh Purewal's fixed-date calendar was adopted in 2003 and amended in 2010. The SGPC says its calendar is still Nanakshahi; the PSGPC and some diaspora gurdwaras keep the original.
• United Christian FrontPunjab body of Christian churches whose state president, Kamal Bakshi, told ThePrint in 2021 it had committees in 8,000 of Punjab's 12,000 villages. Its figures are its own claims.
• VVirsa Singh ValtohaFormer Shiromani Akali Dal MLA and Chief Parliamentary Secretary; Akal Takht ordered his expulsion from the party in October 2024
• Was Amritpal Singh's detention under the National Security Act justified?The state cites a threat to public order; critics cite three years without trial and an MP kept from his seat. The orders, the courts, what is unproven, and the Panthic answer.
• Was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's rule a Khalsa Raj?Coins and seal in the Guru's name and the Takht's authority, against Dogra, Muslim and European ministers and an absolute monarchy. What the record shows and what the Panth says.
• Was November 1984 a genocide or “riots”?India rejects the word genocide; the Delhi High Court found crimes against humanity; the Akal Takht and SGPC say genocide. The toll, the findings and the Panthic reply.
• Was Operation Blue Star unavoidable, and why was it timed for the Shaheedi purab of Guru Arjan Dev?A last resort and a coincidence of dates, says the government. Near-settlements, Army officers who called it unnecessary and pilgrims in the complex, says the record. The sources side by side.
• Was the 2015 Sarbat Khalsa legitimate?The SGPC called the 13 resolutions of Chabba void and police filed sedition charges, later annulled. What the Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, the record and Panthic voices say about who may call one.
• Was the 2020 to 2021 farmers' protest a 'Khalistani' movement?Officials said Khalistanis had infiltrated it; the reports cite no evidence, the Red Fort flag was a Nishan Sahib, and Sikh bodies say it was about the laws. Bhai Ajmer Singh says why Punjab rose.
• Was the Rajiv-Longowal Accord a betrayal or a lost opportunity?Signed July 1985, never fully kept: Chandigarh did not move. Its negotiators blame Akali rivals; the 1986 Sarbat Khalsa called it a breach of trust. What the text and record show, and each answer.
• Was the burning of the Sikh Reference Library and the damage to Sri Akal Takht Sahib deliberate?The Army says the Library burned in the fighting and the Takht fell to a fortified battle. Sikh sources say the Library was burned after it. The Centre has admitted holding seized Sikh manuscripts.
• Who organised the November 1984 killings, and why were so few convicted?Inquiries named local Congress leaders and the Delhi Police; none found the high command guilty; 587 FIRs produced few convictions. What the record shows and what the Panth says.
• Who should appoint the Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib?The SGPC executive appoints and removes him, yet the 1925 Act never uses the word Jathedar. The SGPC's case, the Panth's case, and the rules still promised.
• Who was behind the 2015 Bargari beadbi and the Behbal Kalan firing?Three agencies gave three answers on who did the 2015 Bargari beadbi; the charges over Behbal Kalan are denied. No court has decided. The record in order, and the Panthic answer.
• Who wrote the Dasam Granth, and why does the question matter?Who composed and compiled it, the disputed Mani Singh letter, the Akal Takht's 2008 stand, and the Nitnem banis drawn from it. Critics, Takht Patna Sahib, scholars and Bhai Ajmer Singh each on record.
• Whose capital is Chandigarh?A Union Territory since 1966, claimed by Punjab and Haryana. The Centre promised it to Punjab in 1970 and 1985 but tied it to land for Haryana. The record in order, and what each side says.
• Whose water is it? Punjab's river waters and the SYL canalHaryana cites the 1976, 1981 and 1987 shares and three Supreme Court rulings; Punjab and its Panthic bodies cite riparian right and falling water. The treaty, tribunal, courts and the Panthic answer.
• Why are Bandi Singhs still jailed after completing their sentences?Life terms with no end date, remission by discretion, and a Centre, state and UT chain of who decides. The 2019 promise to free eight, the named cases, and the Panthic answer.