Jaito Morcha for the Maharaja of Nabha and the Gangsar akhand path

Who: The SGPC and the Akali Dal, with jathas of 500 Sikhs at a time, against the Nabha state administration and the Punjab government. At the centre was Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha, who had backed the Akalis, supported the Guru ka Bagh Morcha and worn a black turban in protest at the Nankana Sahib massacre.

What: On 9 July 1923 the Maharaja was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, Partap Singh. Officials called it voluntary, and the Akalis called it high-handed. On 25 August a diwan at Jaito condemned the deposition, and on 27 August Nabha authorities arrested its organisers. The Akalis then began continuous akhand path recitations. On 14 September police put their own reader in place of the granthi at an akhand path, which Sikhs treated as sacrilege. The government declared the SGPC and the Akali Dal illegal and arrested all 60 members of the SGPC's interim committee on treason charges. Jathas were stopped at the Nabha border, beaten and left in distant deserts without food or water, and the Akalis answered by sending larger jathas.

On 9 February 1924 a jatha of 500 left Sri Akal Takht Sahib. On 21 February it was fired on near Gurdwara Tibbi Sahib at Jaito, with an official toll of 19 dead and 29 injured. Akali figures were much higher. Another jatha of 500 was arrested at Jaito on 14 March, and thirteen more followed, with jathas also coming from Canada, Hong Kong and Shanghai. Governor Sir Malcolm Hailey tried to split the community with government-friendly Sudhar Committees. Talks through Madan Mohan Malaviya and Bhai Jodh Singh failed because the government would discuss the akhand path but not the Maharaja's return.

Where: Jaito and Gurdwara Gangsar, in the princely state of Nabha, with jathas setting out from Amritsar.

Why it mattered: The Sikh Gurdwara Bill passed unanimously on 7 July 1925. Hailey then announced that pilgrim bands could go to Gurdwara Gangsar, most Akali prisoners were released, and the Akalis finished a series of 101 akhand paths on 6 August 1925. The Akalis had won access to Gurdwara Gangsar, but the Maharaja was never restored. The morcha ended only once the Gurdwara Bill had passed, and it ran alongside the other morchas of the Akali movement.